On the other hand, the 5 th stage wouldn't be all that useful without a higher pixel shader instruction limit, so the absence of the additional stage is somewhat moot. Texture stages: We have only four texture stages, which is somewhat unfortunate, as the outlining technique we use would be more accurate with five. We are also limited to eight instructions per pixel program (sixteen if we are good at co-issuing instructions to the RGB and alpha pipelines). The useful instructions that were added in language versions 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 2.0 will not be available. Pixel Shaders: The first incarnation of the pixel shader language, PS 1.1, is a far-cry from what is available on more modern pixel shader hardware. We are also limited in the number of registers and total instructions we can use, although all of the vertex programs in this article stay well under these limits. Vertex Shaders: We are limited to Vertex Shader language version 1.1 (VS 1.1) which means the 2.0 control instructions (if, call, etc.) will not be available to us. Since the goal of this article is to create a DirectX 8.0 compatible cartoon renderer, there are certain things regarding our selected hardware that we should be aware of: Best of all, the frames generated by our renderer look great! It is fast: it runs at game-acceptable frame rates for scenes in excess of 40,000 polygons. We can modify shading styles by altering a single texture. It is flexible: we can change the thickness, color, and style of our ink lines. As you will see, our renderer is accessible: It runs on ATI and nVidia hardware and even the X-Box console. We'll start by taking a quick look at our selected hardware, continue with a brief definition of cartoon rendering, describe the implementation details of our renderer, and finish with some benchmarks and ideas for the future. It culminates in a powerful, fast cartoon renderer that will run on any Direct-X 8.0 compatible hardware. This work attempts to make cartoon-style graphics available to 3D game developers. Games are released every year that are based on cartoons but fail to convey the same look and feel as their subject matter. This article focuses on using programmable hardware for a popular NPR technique: creating cartoon-like graphics from 3D models. With the advent of programmable shaders, a whole range of NPR styles are available that previously existed only in the pre-rendered domain. Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is a branch of 3D graphics that has yet to be fully tapped for game use. The programmable hardware in today's consumer graphics cards does make these highly-realistic techniques available in real-time, but this same hardware makes stylized rendering available as well. In an era of increasingly realistic game graphics, buzzwords like bump-mapping and per-pixel lighting take all the glory.
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